千岛湖水质变化特征与趋势分析

对千岛湖水质综合污染指数分析表明,近10年来千岛湖多数监测项目和各断面污染指数都呈现显著下降的趋势,全湖综合水质趋好,表明千岛湖总体水质的变化正处于相对低的风险状态之中。各断面水污染综合指数的对比分析显示,代表千岛湖主要来水水质的街口、航头岛和百亩畈3个断面分列前三,河流污染物的输入是千岛湖水质下降的主要风险来源,其中街口指标显著高于其他断面,是污染输入强度最大的来源。各监测项目污染指数的对比分析表明总N是影响近期千岛湖水质的首要因子。趋势分析表明,除街口和西园码头外其他各断面负荷比均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势。各监测项目综合污染指数分担率的分析表明,总N、溶解氧和高锰酸钾指数排在前列,3项分担率之和占全湖的71%,其中总N接近49%,显著高于其他项目。趋势分析中总N分担率出现显著下降趋势,其他项目也都表现出不同程度下降趋势,大肠杆菌的变化趋势尚不明确。     

云南12个地州植烟土壤养分状况与施肥对策

在云南省种烟的12个地州采集土样683个和烟叶样品进行分析化验,结果表明,云南土壤pH值总体上都在适宜范围,唯有思茅地区的pH值偏低;有机质和有效氮含量偏高;有效磷含量除了昆明和玉溪的偏高外,其它地区的在适宜或缺乏范围;尽管土壤中有效钾含量较高,但烟叶中钾含量仍然偏低,为此生产上提出了“控氮和补钾”的施肥措施,特别是土壤养分相对较贫乏的新烟区如思茅在生产上需适量增加施肥量并注意各种肥料的合理搭配。     

贵溪冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特性及评价

在对贵溪冶炼厂周边区域的农田土壤及生产的稻谷进行采样调查和数据处理分析的基础上,对农田土壤重金属污染特性和现状进行了监测和初步评价,结果表明:农田土壤重金属污染可能来源于贵溪冶炼厂废水的排放及尾矿渣的堆放,与灌溉水源无关;用国家土壤环境质量二级标准进行评价可知,农田土壤重金属的综合污染指数较高,土壤污染已处于重度污染等级,单项重金属污染指数表明Cu、Cd的含量已严重超标,并处于重度污染等级,Zn、Pb和As的含量未构成污染;水泉村、竹山村与所生产的稻谷三者之间呈显著或极显著正相关,即农田生态系统呈复合污染的趋势。     

Combined effects of best management practices on water quality in oxbow lakes from agricultural watersheds

Water quality conditions in three oxbow lakes were examined before and after best management practices (BMPs) implementation within the Mississippi Delta. Experimental design called for the development of structural and cultural treatments to reduce sediment and associated pollutants entering watershed oxbow lakes. Three watersheds were selected and developed with different levels of BMPs. Changes in lake water quality were used as measures of management success. Analyses of water quality data prior to the implementation of BMPs suggested the lakes were stressed and ecologically damaged due to excessive sediment inflow. Significant improvements in water quality were observed with the use of cultural and structural BMPs. Sediments decreased 34–59%, while Secchi visibility and chlorophyll generally increased. The most dramatic improvements in water quality occurred in the two watersheds that featured cultural practices and combinations of cultural and structural practices. Reducing suspended sediment concentrations in these oxbow lakes favored phytoplankton production resulting in increased chlorophyll concentrations and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Cultural BMPs, more so than structural BMPs, play a vital role in improving lake water quality, and are needed in addition to structural measures to ensure improved water quality in oxbow lakes receiving agricultural runoff.     

光合细菌对罗非鱼塘中水质和生态的影响

研究了在罗非鱼池塘养殖过程中投以光合细菌后，对池塘水质及水中微生物种群数量的变化影响，通过2个试验组和2个对照组进行为期半个月的试验。试验结果表明：（1）投放光合细菌的池塘中，光合细菌种群由少到多不断地增长，并且形成优势种群；（2）投放光合细菌后，对降低水中COD、氨氮，提高亚硝酸态氮等有一定的效果；（3）但是对水中溶氧、pH值、硝酸态氮等的变化并没有起太大的作用。     

生物有机肥对生姜生长及产量、品质的影响

试验结果表明，生物有机肥可以显著促进生姜植株的生长，使茎秆变粗，分枝数增多，茎叶生长量提高，产量增加。同等养分的生物有机肥与化肥配施处理生姜植株的茎粗、分枝数分别比纯施化肥处理增加13．6％和18．58％，茎、叶鲜重分别增加16．67％和32．52％，产量提高23．46％；等养分的普通有机肥与化肥配施处理的生姜长势也优于纯化肥处理，虽然其产量达60192kg/hm^2，较纯施化肥增加12．63％，但却比生物有机肥处理的生姜产量低8．77％。不仅如此，生物有机肥还可显著改善生姜品质，提高根茎干物质和挥发油等的含量，降低硝酸盐含量。     

不同磷肥水平对大豆磷营养状况和产量品质性状的影响

本试验选用近年来黑龙江省推广面积较大并具有代表性的3个基因型大豆品种作为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,利用钼锑抗比色法测定了大豆生育期各器官磷素含量,并测定了单株产量及成熟子粒蛋白质和脂肪含量,结果表明:施磷量对不同大豆品种植株及各器官磷素含量有较大影响;不同品种不同处理全株及各器官磷素含量从分枝期逐渐增加,开花期达到高峰,随后下降至成熟期;同一品种不同处理间高蛋白品种和中间型品种是P150处理全株磷积累量最高,高油品种是P225处理全株磷素积累最高;生育期内只有适宜施磷才能促进磷素含量达到最高峰;同一处理不同品种间是高油品种磷素积累量大于中间型品种和高蛋白品种,说明高油品种需磷量多于中间型品种和高蛋白品种。高蛋白品种和中间型品种P150处理单株产量和子粒蛋白质含量最高,高油品种P75处理单株产量和子粒蛋白质含量最高。3个品种脂肪含量均以P225处理最高。     

A new plant-based bioassay for aquatic sediments

Background, Goal and Scope  To date, standardised bioassays for the assessment of the ecotoxicological potential in sediments and dredged material use test organisms like bacteria, algae and crustaceae. This paper presents the development and application of a novel sediment contact test (whole sediment) withMyriophyllum aquaticum, a representative of rooted aquatic macrophytes. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the value of a sediment contact test with rooted macrophytes as a supplement to existing test batteries in order to improve the assessment of sediment toxicity. Methods  The newly developed sediment contact test withMyriophylhim aquaticum was applied to natural whole sediments. For performing the test, whorls ofMyriophyllum aquaticum were directly planted in the native sediment and incubated in the light at 24°C (cf. section results and discussion). The end points of the test were the number of the shoots and the fresh weight of the whole plants. The duckweed growth inhibition test withLemna minor according to ISO/DIS 20079 was performed in pore waters from sediment samples. The results of the sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum were compared with each other and with those of the aquatic duckweed test. Results and Discussion  A test protocol for the new plant-based sediment contact test using the aquatic plantMyriophyllum aquaticum as an indicator was developed. The best control sediment proved to be the OECD sediment (OECD 207). A test period of 10 days appeared to be sufficient for the test. The increase of biomass and the derived growth rate were found to be the most suitable evaluation parameters. The growth behaviour ofMyriophyllum aquaticum differed depending on the origin of sediments. Therefore, plant-affecting contamination, that is bound in sediments, was indicated. Conclusions  The novel sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum can indicate phytotoxic effects in sediments. Therefore, it allows a better assessment of the overall-toxicity in whole sediments. Recommendations and Outlook  The sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological risk potential of waters and sediments. It should become a complement to a standardised test battery generally used for the assessment of sediment toxicity.     

Characterization of organic phosphorus in leachate from a grassland soil

The degree of eutrophication in fresh water ecosystems may be influenced by the forms of phosphorus (P) leached from agricultural systems. Physico-chemical fractionation of P in leachate from a grassland soil carried out over a two year period indicated that the majority of the P loss from the Lismore soil occurred in unreactive particulate (55-76%) P forms. ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of a selected leachate sample indicated that unreactive P was mainly comprised of monoester and diester forms of organic P. The presence of phosphomonoesterase (20-200 μg p nitrophenol l⁻¹ h⁻¹) and phosphodiesterase (68 μg bis-p nitrophenol l⁻¹ h⁻¹) activity in leachate resulted in hydrolysis of 10-21% of total unreactive P (TUP), indicating that some of the monoesters and diesters can be eventually hydrolyzed into inorganic P forms during P transport. Enzyme hydrolysis showed that 23% of the TUP was present as labile monoester P (LMP), followed by 20% as inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) and 14% as diesters (phospholipids and nucleic acids). The findings of this study suggest that LMP, IHP and diesters are an important component of organic P leaching from the grassland soil.     

提高农业机构科研管理质量的思考

农业科研是农业科技进步的核心,加强农业机构科研管理,有助于提高农业科研效率,对实现农业现代化意义重大。当前,我国地方性农业科研机构科研管理存在着较多问题,如缺乏管理的主动性,管理模式单一,管理观念落后,科研与生产结合少,缺乏团队协同作战精神,预算编制不够规范,科研产品疏于管理等问题。基于此,提出提高农业科研机构科研管理的建议。